In the early 20th century, the world of organized crime was forged in the fiery depths of 1900s Sicily. A place where family ties were the only currency that mattered, and the streets were paved with the blood of the betrayed. The brutal realities of this era were immortalized in the cinematic universe, where loyalty and betrayal danced a deadly tango. The stage was set for an authentic experience that would transport you to a bygone era, where the air was thick with the smell of gunpowder and the sound of revving engines.
Key Players in the Underworld
• Don Vito’s Empire: A sprawling network of protection rackets, extortion, and smuggling, built on the back of a ruthless leader who would stop at nothing to maintain his grip on the city.• The Family Code: A complex web of alliances, rivalries, and vendettas that defined the very fabric of Sicilian society, where loyalty was a luxury few could afford.• The Rise of the Outlaws: A group of ruthless outcasts, fueled by a desire for revenge and a need for survival, who would challenge the established order and push the underworld to its limits.
A World of Tension and Atmosphere
Navigate the treacherous underworld of Sicily, where the stakes are high and the tension is palpable. Witness tense shootouts between rival gangs, and experience the thrill of realistic period-accurate driving through the winding streets of the city. Immerse yourself in an atmospheric world that is both beautiful and brutal, where the lines between good and evil are constantly blurred.
Technical Innovations
• Advanced Physics Engine: A cutting-edge simulation that brings the world of Sicily to life, with realistic collisions, destruction, and chaos.• Realistic Driving Mechanics: A system that puts the pedal to the metal, with precise handling, realistic weight distribution, and a sense of urgency that will leave you breathless.• Advanced Animation: A team of expert animators who have pushed the boundaries of what is possible, creating characters that are both believable and mesmerizing.
What Do You Want to Know?
• Q: How did the filmmakers balance historical accuracy with creative liberties?• A: The team took a meticulous approach, delving deep into the history of 1900s Sicily to create an authentic experience that honored the franchise’s roots.• Q: What inspired the choice of Sicily as the setting for this cinematic universe?• A: The team was drawn to the rich history and culture of Sicily, which provided the perfect backdrop for a story that explores the darker side of human nature.• Q: Can you tell us more about the advanced technology used in the game?• A: The team has developed a range of innovative technologies that push the boundaries of what is possible in a gaming experience, including advanced physics simulations and realistic driving mechanics.
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Descent into the Frozen Abyss
The snow-covered European valley stretched out before Ethan Winters like an unforgiving expanse of white. The air was heavy with an eerie silence, punctuated only by the soft crunch of snow beneath his feet. His infant daughter, Sarah, was being held by the mysterious cult syndicate, and Ethan was determined to rescue her. The cult’s leader, a towering figure with sunken eyes and skin like parchment, glared at Ethan with a malevolent intensity. The valley itself seemed to be alive, its twisted trees and crumbling stone walls whispering dark secrets to the wind. As Ethan navigated this treacherous landscape, he knew he had to be resourceful and cunning if he was to survive.
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• Resource Management: Ethan’s inventory system was a complex web of crafting and scavenging. He had to manage his resources carefully, as the scarcity of food, water, and ammunition could prove deadly.• Werewolf Ambushes: The cult’s twisted experiments had created a new breed of werewolf, with enhanced strength and ferocity. These creatures were relentless, and Ethan had to use all his wits to evade them.• Crafting and Upgrades: Ethan could craft new ammunition and upgrades, but the process was slow and laborious. He had to scavenge for rare materials and craft each item carefully, lest he exhaust his resources.
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Twisted Loyalties and Betrayals
Q: What drives the cult’s leader to seek out Ethan?A: The leader believes that Ethan’s bloodline holds the key to unlocking a powerful artifact, one that will grant the cult unimaginable power.Q: How does the mechanical mad engineer fit into the story?A: The engineer is a former cult member who was experimented on and now seeks revenge against those who wronged him. He becomes an unlikely ally for Ethan.
A Descent into Madness
The further Ethan delved into the valley, the more he realized that the cult was not just a mindless horde. There was a twisted logic to their actions, a desire to push the boundaries of humanity to the brink of madness. As Ethan struggled to survive, he began to question his own sanity. Was he just a pawn in the cult’s game, or did he have a chance to escape?
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• Get the key bits of kit — a camera that performs well in low light, a suitable lens and a sturdy tripod • Get to know the best time (of year/night) to shoot your desired subject • Find a suitably dark location with an interesting foreground • Monitor stargazing, aurora, light pollution and weather apps for the best shooting conditions • Familiarize yourself with the best camera settings before you head out on a shoot • Experiment and break the rules • Don’t be disheartened if you don’t get the perfect shot first time — it takes practice
Taking photographs of the night sky can be such a rewarding yet emotional experience, and due to the challenging dark, usually cold and unpredictable conditions, it takes practice and patience to get the shots you want. In this guide, we will look at the key tips to compose the best astrophotographs possible and what you need to know before taking your camera out under a canopy of stars.
The night sky is ever-changing. Over the period of our lifetimes, light pollution has risen dramatically, and more of us are losing close connections to the heavens above. With the stark rise of satellite technology, it is estimated that by the year 2025, there will be more satellites visible than stars in our view of the night sky. Now more than ever, it is so important to look up to the stars and recognize our sense of place within the universe and capture these moments the best we can. From shooting the Milky Way to the dream-like Northern Lights, this guide has you covered.
Gear choice and framing
Windmills are the perfect foreground for capturing star trail rotations — this is Ashton Windmill, Somerset, UK. (Image credit: Josh Dury)
You don’t need ‘all the gear’ to create stunning astro shots; you can get stunning results from your camera phone with practice. However, if you want to use a ‘proper camera’ you will need one that performs well in low light, or even better, one of the best cameras for astrophotography. Currently, we’d recommend the Nikon Z8 as the best camera overall and best camera for astrophotography because of its phenomenal features, highly detailed sensor and fantastic ability to manage high ISO noise that comes with shooting the dim starlight at night.
Best tripod for astro
(Image credit: Benro)
We’ve named the Benro Mach3 TMA37C as the best tripod for astrophotography overall because of its intuitive operation and sturdy leg locks for stability and steadiness.
When heading out on location, it is always advised to have a dual LED flashlight or headlamp (one with a white LED and a red LED). A red light is crucial for preserving your night vision. Two of our favorite models are the BioLite Headlamp 425 and the Nitecore NU31.
A strong, robust tripod is a must for most astrophotography, especially when taking long exposures; you simply won’t get the results you want without one. Take a look at our best tripods for astrophotography guide to see which best meets your requirements. Aluminum tripods are very robust and generally cheaper than carbon fiber models, but the latter are much lighter and easier to carry around. You want a tripod that can withstand wind interference, which can occur with a change of wind direction or speed when shooting long exposures.
For landscape shots, we prefer to use a wider lens — somewhere in the region of 14-24mm focal length — to gather more light when capturing fainter details and nebulosity. We really rate the Sigma 14mm f1.8 DG HSM ART. That said, taking a variety of lenses can be desirable so you can experiment during your shoot. Sometimes a mid-focal-length lens (50mm) can be useful to stitch together a panorama of images to create a higher-resolution image. This process takes more time but the results deliver.
A telephoto lens (ranging from 70-600mm) may be considered for lunar photography to provide a narrower field of view and to ‘zoom in’ on your subject. Foreground subjects can illustrate narrative so it is the photographer’s decision whether to shoot horizontally or vertically. Read more about the best lenses for astrophotography and how to choose one in our handy guide.
You need to be physically prepared for the elements when taking images outdoors at night. Wear gloves (ideally well-fitting and grippy), a hat and take warm drink. Most importantly, layer up — the more layers, the better, as the temperature is likely to drop the later you photograph into the night. It’s better to make extra provisions than make too few.
Related: Best cameras for astrophotography
Location and timing
The lighthouse at the forefront of the image makes for an interesting composition alongside the Milky Way — Dorset, UK. (Image credit: Josh Dury)
When capturing images of the night sky, the light we see from distant stars has, in many instances, traveled thousands, millions and even billions of light-years through space and our home galaxy, the Milky Way. When photographing such fragile starlight, the location we determine to capture images from is very important. Primarily, we need to steer clear of the unwanted impacts of light pollution from nearby towns and cities and find something interesting, be it a rock, building, tree, windmill or so on, to sit in the foreground of our shots.
Discover the best stargazing apps
We’ve done all the hard work for you, our team of experts have rigorously tested and reviewed the Best stargazing apps to help you navigate and photograph the night sky. Our top pick overall is SkySafari 7 Pro scoring full marks in our review.
Light pollution is the result of lights shining into the atmosphere — especially prevalent in urban areas — which reduces the contrast of the night sky and inevitably, reduces the amount of visible stars we can observe and capture. If you can’t get completely away from light-polluted areas without traveling huge distances, using one of the best light pollution filters will give you a helping hand. They block specific wavelengths in the visible spectrum of light associated with skyglow.
If you are lucky enough to be able to travel to a protected Dark Sky Reserve, the view of the universe is outstanding. Being designated protected areas, regulations are enforced to minimize artificial light. We can see so many more stars and details within the spiral arms of the Milky Way — so much so it is even difficult to distinguish the major constellations within them.
These are sought-after locations for astrophotographers, but even so, a short drive away from the city lights is urged to get the most out of your astro shots and in turn provide everyone who sees our photos with an appreciation for the dark sky sites we have left — where we can still view our window to the universe in stunning clarity.
The Geminids Meteor Shower photographed above Stonehenge, though the image would be fantastic without, these ancient stones add a new dimension to the image. (Image credit: Josh Dury)
We have put some of the best locations for astrophotography into a handy guide and also compiled a list of the best stargazing apps that will help you find the ideal spot in the best conditions. Plenty of Light Pollution Maps can be accessed online or by using smartphone apps listed in the aforementioned guide. Such tools show us what is known as ‘The Bortle Scale’ for a certain area. On a scale of one to nine, one is the darkest skies with zero to no light pollution, compared to nine — intense levels of light pollution, typically associated with major cities.
Moon phases
Alternatively, if the Moon is your desired subject, make sure to look out for lunar phase calendars to know the exact timings of fuller lunar phases as well as rising and set times. Take a look at Space.com’s moon phase reference page.
When capturing images of the night sky, you need to consider the different factors that will be at play for different astronomical subjects. For example, if capturing landscape images of the Milky Way, we need to discover where it will be most visible without unwanted distractions in the frame and we’ll need a clear night. Ideally, we want to head out around the time of the New Moon. This is a time when no (or very little) sunlight is reflected off the lunar surface and thus when the darkest skies can be seen during a given month, making the Milky Way look its most impressive.
Space.com has a continually updated Space calendar detailing events of pertinent skywatching events such as lunar eclipses and meteor showers, with links on where best to see them (and how to find them), how long they will last, and so on.
The Milky Way captured above the ruins of Corfe Castle, the composition shows the vastness of the Galaxy — Dorset, UK. (Image credit: Josh Dury)
As our planet revolves around the Sun, we observe different areas of Space throughout the year — exhibiting the winter constellations (Orion, Taurus, Auriga, Canis Major etc) from winter through to spring where nights are at their longest, and the Milky Way season throughout the summer months when nights are at their shortest.
It is good practice to plan ahead and have a basic awareness of targets to view in the night sky and when they appear; from the planets to constellations, the names of brighter stars, and the amount of time you have to photograph the heavens; also known as ‘astronomical darkness’.
Good astronomy apps like Stellarium and PhotoPills are the go-to apps to determine what is visible to you in the night sky on a given night, the moon phase of that time and for how long you can capture images at certain times of the year. They will also help you to orientate your camera setup, i.e. which way to point the camera if your subject isn’t obvious using your naked eye.
The Northern Lights, alongside other extra-terrestrial phenomena, are unpredictable, so it is useful to have the latest aurora apps downloaded on your smartphone to determine the likelihood strength of the aurora on a given night if capturing this is your aim. We must also consider the ‘normal’ weather forecast — it is good to reference a number of forecasts as each will differ slightly — we’ve found Ventusky to be a reliable site for providing accurate up-to-date weather information. The last thing you want to happen is to prep for a night under the stars only to find yourself under thick cloud cover or worse, in heavy rain.
Compositional Basics
Northern Lights imaged from Tromso, Norway. Choose to shoot portrait to ‘show off’ more of the sky, especially when the Northern Lights are putting on such a beautiful display. (Image credit: Josh Dury)
A general rule of thumb for creating compositionally strong astro-images is to use the rule of thirds. The rule of thirds is a composition guideline that divides an image into nine equal parts by two equally spaced horizontal and vertical lines (if you don’t have a grid on your camera, you can imagine one). The important compositional elements (i.e. your subjects) should be placed along these lines or their intersections. This creates a more balanced and visually appealing composition than simply centering the subject. The person viewing the image will be drawn to the points of interest in your image, both astronomical and foreground subjects.
Centering the subject is typically not attractive, and what’s more, you could miss out on other interesting objects that sit just outside your field of view by doing so.
Always be mindful of ’empty space.’ If using the rule of thirds, this should inherently not be a problem — what it means is having all of the ‘interesting’ elements of your photo in one area, leaving large uninteresting spaces in the rest of the image. In other words, don’t stack all of the interesting subjects on one edge of your image and forget about the other side.
As with all photography, the composition of your shot has to be revised each time you take out your camera. Your composition can be determined by the location you are shooting, any interesting foreground objects, the weather, where other photographers might be standing, or the appearance of an astronomical event (such as seeing the Northern Lights). Your goal is to create a close relationship with your subject, to understand the dynamics of what you are shooting and ultimately, create your own sense of identity within your images and your perception of the universe.
Experiment with different angles and distances from the foreground subject, and try the same shot with portrait and landscape orientations to see which works best. Ultimately keep experimenting until you have an interesting image that you are happy with that will draw other viewers in.
Perfecting the shot
(Image credit: Getty Images)
Getting great astrophotographs is a result of a lot of practice and a lot of trial and error. Sometimes, some images and the environment work; other times they do not. For example, an unexpected bright object in the form of car headlights appearing over the horizon or an astrophotography honeypot during an exciting celestial event that makes it difficult to find your own ‘other photographer-free’ spot, potentially causing frame distraction within your images. A sudden temperature drop may result in your equipment being ‘fogged’.
As a result, astrophotographers have to be both prepared and to make compromises. If there are unexpected changes, you may have to reconsider how you shoot your composition or otherwise make a fine adjustment to your tripod head so that any defects are out of the field of view. Does it follow the same narrative if, say, photographing the Milky Way above your subject? Do you have the equipment to prevent fogging lenses, such as a lens heater? All of this comes with experience and the closer you become to your subjects, the more you get to know them and what you need to adjust. Before you know it, your workflow becomes second nature.
Tips on camera settings
How to focus
Most cameras can’t automatically focus on objects in the night sky because it is so dark. We have to do this manually. There is a tried and tested technique for doing so, as follows:
Find the brightest star/planet in your field of view (on the screen), zoom in and navigate to it. Make sure your camera is set to manual focus and not autofocus.
Turn the focus ring until the star/planet appears as a sharp pinpoint of light (rather than a circle). On the screen, zoom out again and don’t adjust the focus for the remainder of the shoot unless it is obviously out of focus or has been knocked accidentally, or if you want the focus to be on something else, i.e. a rock, person or structure in the foreground.
Exposure (aperture, shutter speed and ISO)
Here, test shots are crucial — take some test shots and check your exposure using the histogram. The histogram gives us a visual representation of the brightness values of all the pixels in our photo; it’s best to use this method, as relying on the screen alone isn’t always reliable.
If all of the ‘mountain peaks’ in the graph are on the left, the image is too dark; on the right, it’s too bright. We’re aiming for most of the peaks to be on the left but with some data nearer the middle of the histogram (meaning the image is dark but with points of light).
Make adjustments as necessary — a wider aperture (lower f-stop number) will gather more light and, when dealing with something as dark as the night sky, we need that as wide as possible — if the lens you’re using opens to f/2.8, set aperture to f/2.8.
The shutter speed determines how long the image sensor is exposed to light. To see stars as pinpoints of light, a shutter speed of 1/2 sec or faster is required, which means the image sensor’s sensitivity to light must be increased dramatically. The slower the shutter speed, the more light is gathered, but if you leave the shutter open for too long, you will start to see some movement — of course, this is a desired effect for things like star rotations.
You can use the 500 rule to determine the rough exposure length before you start to see star trails in your images. Take 500 and divide it by the focal length (in millimeters) of your lens. I.e. 500 / 24mm = 20.83 seconds of exposure before star trails are noticeable in your photos.
It is a good idea to use the camera’s inbuilt exposure delay (self-timer) or use a remote release to minimize the risk of camera shake.
If it’s too dark and you can’t open the aperture wider, slow the shutter speed down further. If that still doesn’t work, raise the ISO, but be mindful not to bump it up too much, as too much image noise can be tricky to edit out in post-processing.
Post-processing
Sometimes there are defects within your astro images that you will simply not notice when shooting in low-light environments so it may be necessary to edit your images post-shoot using one of the best editing apps for astrophotography. You can adjust colors (often to pull out detail from the darker shadows), crop your images and even revise your composition. The main thing to remember is to have fun when taking your astrophotos and experiment with them — always be prepared to expect the unexpected and don’t be too hard on yourself if you don’t get the shots you want on the first outing.
In a world where chaos seems to reign and uncertainty looms at every corner, finding moments of tranquility becomes precious. At times like these, we yearn for a sense of order, no matter how fleeting it may be. Fortunately, amidst the vast expanse of the internet, there exists a sanctuary for order-seekers – the r/PerfectFit/ subreddit.
This online haven is dedicated to showcasing a plethora of perfectly fitting things, providing a delightful respite for those craving harmony and precision. It’s a place where the meticulous alignment of objects can bring a smile to your face and calm to your soul. Each post not only restores a bit of order to our lives but also resonates deeply with the perfectionist in all of us.
Amidst the whirlwind of global events, take a moment to indulge in the sheer satisfaction of these ‘perfect fits’ featured in the gallery below. Let the symmetrical beauty of these harmonious unions bring a sense of peace to your day.
Scroll down and enjoy yourself. All photos are linked and lead to the sources from which they were taken. Please feel free to explore further works of these photographers on their collections or their personal sites.
#1 The Sunset’s Light
Image source: reddit.com
#2 I Picture I Took Of The London Eye Through The Window On A Boat On The Thames
Image source: reddit.com
#3 The Shadow On The Walkway…
Image source: reddit.com
#4 Just Some Dam Sexy Work
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#5 Belongs Here I Thought
Image source: reddit.com
#6 Poppop Is Super Excited To Share His Box Wrapping Seam
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#7 My Wife Was Wearing The Right Jacket At The Right Time. Pleasanton Ridge, Ca
Image source: reddit.com
#8 This Image
Image source: reddit.com
#9 These Shoes
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#10 5000 Piece Jigsaw Puzzle On My Dining Table. Corner To Corner And Edge To Edge
Image source: reddit.com
#11 Loading Like This Takes Skill, Vision, And Teamwork In The Moving World. Mad Respect To Those That Take Pride In Their Work
Image source: reddit.com
#12 My Window Blinds Cast Lines At The Same Degree As My Handrail
Image source: reddit.com
#13 My Friend In This Rock Wall Nook
Image source: reddit.com
#14 Had A Pair Of Prescription Lenses Which Fit Perfectly In My Mask. I Could See All The Fishies Clearly!
Image source: reddit.com
#15 Finally, A Hotel That Understands
Image source: reddit.com
#16 God Has Chosen This Vehicle
Image source: reddit.com
#17 My Wife’s Wedding Ring Inside Of Mine
Image source: reddit.com
#18 He Is Equally As Excited As I Am
Image source: reddit.com
#19 Someone On My Yard Sale Group Bought This Sarcophagus Without Measuring And Found Themselves With A Perfect Fit
Image source: reddit.com
#20 Calcifers Mask
Image source: reddit.com
#21 What Do You Say About This
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#22 Some Covid Art I Did
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#23 The Shelves In This Store
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#24 I Don’t Know Does It Fit Here
Image source: reddit.com
#25 Bought This Storage Box For Our Seat Cushions Thinking It Was More Than Big Enough, This Is Every Cushion
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#26 I Washed My Linens And Rugs, It Took Me A While To Find My Missing Bath Rug
PHOTO PROVIDED
Shown is a spider on a web. Spider silk is extremely thin, yet is also incredibly strong.
Have you been decorating for Halloween? Well, Mother Nature has been busy.
One morning when the dew was on the ground our daughter Holly looked out the window to see one of nature’s Halloween decorations, their lawn was covered with spider webs. Although the webs had been there all along, they were not visible until the morning dew highlighted them.
Later, the sun comes out and dries up the dew, and the spider webs appear to magically disappear.
No spooky Halloween decorations would be complete without cobwebs. Cobwebs often conjure up images of creaky old houses and dark attics where scary things might lurk. However, if you look around your own clean and well-lit house, chances are you will find a few cobwebs.
The mysterious tangles of sticky thread seem to appear out of nowhere, no matter how many times you use the duster on those upper corners. There’s not a spider in sight, so where do cobwebs come from? Could there be some supernatural involvement after all?
Our home, which was built in the early 1900s, seems to attract spiders. Mary Alice does not like spiders and if she sees one high on a wall or on the ceiling, I will hear her yell, “Bill, come get this spider.”
Through the years, Mary Alice had even offered a nickel to our children and grandchildren to find spiderwebs in our home. She very seldom goes into our basement due to the cobwebs that seem to develop overnight. Recently, she asked me what the difference is between a cobweb and a spiderweb.
Many people have a fear of spiders. This fear is often blamed on the Little Miss Muffet nursery rhyme.
“Little Miss Muffet sat on a tuffet eating her curds and why. There came a big spider. Who sat down beside her. And frightened Miss Muffet away.”
The fear of spiders, which is known as arachnophobia, is one of the most common phobias in the world and one of the oldest recorded. It is estimated that roughly one third of the entire world population has arachnophobia. More women than men seem to suffer from arachnophobia.
The origin of the word arachnophobia is Greek and is derived from the word arachne, which translates to spiders and phobos, meaning to dread or to fear.
Cobwebs are simply abandoned spider webs. There are two types of spiders. Web-building spiders that spin webs for catching prey, and wandering spiders that chase after their prey, rather than building webs. Over time this dust accumulation weakens the web and forces the spider to abandon the web and build a new one. This is why you never see a spider on a cobweb, even though the spider is responsible for its creation.
Our word cobweb comes from Old English coppeweave and originated sometime in the 14th century. Coppe comes from attercoppe, which means spider or literally venomous head. The word web also has its origins in Old English and means tapestry or something intricately woven.
The word spider goes back to the Old English word spinthron, which means spin. The word spin is a general Germanic word that goes back to the Indo-European base word spen or pen, meaning stretch.
Spiders have long been celebrated for spinning silk from their bodies. They belong to the class of animals known as Arachnid, from the Greek word arachne, meaning spider. It commemorates the name of Arachne, a Lydian Princess, who became so expert in the art of weaving that she dared to challenge Athena to a test of skill. Arachne’s work was flawless but that of Athena was perfect beyond attainment of mere mortals.
Arachne was so humiliated that she attempted to hang herself, but the noose was loosened to become a cobweb, and the maiden was changed into a spider and condemned to perpetual spinning.
Spider silk is one-hundredth the size of a human hair and one hundred times stronger than steel of the same size. Some of the threads will stretch one-half their length before breaking. While the thinnest lines are only one-millionth of an inch wide and invisible to the human eye, other lines are much heavier.
Glands in the abdomen of the spider produce fluids that harden in the air and form silk. The outlets from these glands are at the end of the abdomen and are called spinnerets. The spinning organs of the spider are fingerlike appendages that are tipped with many tiny spinning tubes and a few large ones called spigots. There are at least seven distinct kinds of spider glands known; thus, spiders have the capability of producing various types of silk. Compare the way spiders produce silk to the way silk is produced by insects, such as caterpillars, and you will find that insect silk comes from the mouth.
There are 240 species in the 21 groups of spiders in North America. This number changes constantly because new spiders are still being discovered.
I recently walked into a large spider web, and immediately began to jump about as if a swarm of hornets were after me. At the same time, I was wiping my head in an effort to remove the sticky spider web.
If Mary Alice had seen this, she would surely have said, “I thought you were not afraid of spiders.”
Bill Bower is a retired Pennsylvania Game Commission Wildlife Officer. Read his blog and listen to his podcasts on the outdoors at www.onemaningreen.com.
